HIV drug resistance in persons initiating or reinitiating first-line antiretroviral therapy in Paraguay: Results of a National Patient Survey.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance increases mortality and morbidity and antiretroviral therapy (ART) costs. We describe Paraguay's first nationally representative survey on pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) conducted among persons who initiated or reinitiated ART in 2019. ​​​​We conducted a cross-sectional survey of antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance in Paraguay in 2019. Participants were sampled at four comprehensive care clinics where 90% of patients with HIV in Paraguay initiate ART. Patients included were adults ≥18 years old who initiated first-line ART or reinitiated the same first-line ART regimen after ≥3 months of discontinuation. Of 208 patients, 93.8% had no prior ART exposure, 3.8% reinitiated the same regimen, 2.4% had unknown prior ART exposure; and 31.3% had a CD4 count <200 cells/µl. Mutations associated with resistance were present in 15.4% of patients. Mutations associated with resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) were present in 13.0% of patients, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in 4.3%, and integrase inhibitors in 3.4%. Mutations associated with resistance to tenofovir were present in 1.0% of patients and emtricitabine/lamivudine in 1.4%. ​​Nearly one in six patients had PDR in Paraguay's first nationally representative sample. High NNRTI PDR prevalence underscores the need to accelerate the transition to dolutegravir-based first-line ART. The low PDR prevalence of tenofovir and emtricitabine is reassuring as these ARVs are part of the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended oral pre-exposure prophylaxis regimen. The high proportion of individuals initiating ART at a late disease stage highlights the need to improve treatment linkage strategies and implement WHO rapid ART initiation recommendations.

Impacto del Tratamiento Antirretroviral de Gran Actividad (TARGA) en la Supresión Viral en Niños Infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en Paraguay

Background: Clinical trials have shown that HAART is able to reduce HIV plasma viral loads to undetectable in 70%-90% of patients (pts). HAART in developing countries is reported to be much less effective. Objectives: To evaluate the virologic response to HAART in children with HIV infection and to determine the factors associated to sustained decrease in the viral load. Material and methods: Retrospective, observational study that included pts1.5 log reduction in viral load after week 12 of HAART initiation, which was maintained during the follow-up period. Results: 169 pts with HIV infection form the cohort of the institution, with a mean age of 7.5±3.8 years. 76 patients met the inclusion criteria. During the follow-up (85% of the pts with HAART =12 months), 48 pts (63%) achieved viral suppression whereas 28 (37%) do not. The viral load before the HAART were similar in both groups (50% and 43% of the pts with HIV-RNA >100.000 copies/ml) as well as in the CD4 count (35% vs. 43%). More pts in the non-responder group were female (60% vs.38%, p< 0.05). They were no differences between the age at HAART start, the current mean age, nutritional condition, percentage of orphans, and assistance to Day Care Center (DCC), between both groups. 42% in the responder-group were receiving protease-inhibitor vs. 8% of the non-responders (p< 0.05). Conclusions: The 37% of patients without HIV-1 suppression highlight need to be include a proteaseinhibitor based regimen as the first line treatment in developing countries

Resumen Los ensayos clínicos han demostrado que la TARGA es capaz de reducir la carga viral de VIH en plasma a niveles indetectables en el 70%-90% de los pacientes (pts). Sin embargo, se ha observado que la TARGA en los países en desarrollo podría ser menos efectiva. Objetivos: Evaluar la respuesta virológica a TARGA en niños con infección por VIH y determinar los factores asociados al descenso sostenido en los niveles de supresión viral. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y observacional que incluyó pts 100.000 copias/ml), así como el recuento de CD4 <25% (48% vs 43% de los pts). En el grupo no respondedor la mayoría eran mujeres (60% vs38%, p <0,05). No hubo diferencias entre la edad de inicio de TARGA, la edad media actual, el estado nutricional, el porcentaje de huérfanos, así como la asistencia a guarderías entre ambos grupos. El 42% en el grupo respondedor estaban recibiendo un inhibidor de la proteasa frente al 8% de los pacientes no respondedores (p<0,05). Conclusión:El 37% de los pacientes de la presente cohorte de niños con VIH-1 no alcanzaron supresión viral, la cual se ha correlacionado con la ausencia dentro del esquema de un inhibidor de proteasa. El presente estudio sugiere imperiosa la necesidad de incluir un inhibidor de la proteasa en el tratamiento de primera línea de niños con VIH en países en desarrollo.